Learning Experiences Considered Valuable for Adults

During the last 15 years, researchers have focused on the different learning styles of adults and children. Knowles (1980) was among the first theorists to use the term andragogy to refer to the art of teaching adults. Andragogy is now widely accepted as a theory of adult learning. Included in this theory are the following assumptions:

• Adults are more self-directed than children.

• Adults have had many experiences that can be used as learning resources.

• Adults have internal incentives.

• Adults learn for specific purposes.

• Adults immediately want to apply what they are learning.

Knowles (1980) recommends that adult education programs should do the following:

• Adult education programs should have a climate of respect.

• Adult education programs should be conducted in a collaborative mode.

• Adult education programs should help learners achieve self-direction and empowerment.

• Adult education programs should capitalize on learners' experiences.

• Adult education programs should foster participation.

• Adult education programs should foster critical, reflective thinking.

• Adult education programs should foster learning for action.

• Adult education programs should foster problem posing and problem solving.

These recommendations are helpful when planning effective professional development for teachers.

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